The
original tango ensembles were trios of violin, guitar
and flute, but around the end of the nineteenth century the
bandoneón, the tango accordion, arrived from Germany,
and the classic tango orchestra was born. The box-shaped button
accordion, which is now inextricably linked with Argentine tango,
was invented around 1860 in Germany to play religious music in
organless churches. One Heinrich Band reworked an older portable
instrument nicknamed the "asthmatic worm", which was
used for funeral processions as well as lively regional dances,
and gave his new instrument the name "Band-Union", a
combination of his and his company's names. Mispronounced
as it traveled the world, it became the bandoneón.
As
an expression of the working classes, the fortunes of the tango
have inevitably been linked with social and political developments
in Argentina and the social classes they empowered. The figure
of Juan D'Arienzo, violinist and bandleader, looms
large from the 1930s on. With a sharp, staccato rhythm, and
prominent piano, the Juan D'Arienzo orchestra was the flavour
of those years. His recording of "La cumparsita" at
the end of 1937 is a classic and considered one of the greatest
of all time.
Tango
fortunes revived again in the 1940s, and the music enjoyed a
second golden age with the rise of Perón in 1946 and his
emphasis on nationalism and popular culture to win mass support.
This was the era of a new generation of bandleaders. At the
top, alongside Juan D'Arienzo were Osváldo Pugliese,
Hector Varela and the innovative Aníbal Troilo.
Of all bandoneón players, it was Troilo who expressed most
vividly, deeply and powerfully, and so tenderly, the nostalgic
sound of what is now regarded as a noble instrument. When he
died a few years ago half a million people followed his funeral
procession to the cemetery.
Buenos
Aires in the late 1940s was a city of five or six million and
each barrio would have ten or fifteen amateur tango orchestras,
while the established orchestras would play in the cabarets
and nightclubs in the center of the city. Somehow in this era,
however, tango began to move away from working class to middle
class and intellectual milieus. Tango became a sort of collective
reminiscence of a world that no longer existed – essentially
nostalgia.
CARLOS
GARDEL
The
extraordinary figure of Carlos Gardel (18871935) was
and still is a legend in Argentina, and he was a huge
influence in spreading the popularity of tango round the world.
He was born in Toulouse, France, but taken to Buenos Aires at
the age of four by his single mother. He came to be seen as
an icon of Arrabal culture, and a symbol of the fulfillment
of the dreams of the poor porteño workers.
In
Argentina, it was Gardel above all who transformed tango from
an essentially low-down dance form to a song style popular among
Argentines of widely differing social classes. His career coincided
with the first period of tango's golden age and the development
of tango-canción (tango song) in the 1920s and 30s. The
advent of radio, recording and film all helped his career, but
nothing helped him more than his own voice a voice that
was born to sing tango and which became the model for all future
singers of the genre.
In
the 1920s, like most tango singers, Gardel sang to guitar rather
than orchestral accompaniment. Everything about Gardel, his
voice, his image, his suavity, his posture, his arrogance and
his natural machismo spelled tango. Interestingly enough he
started out as a variety act singing traditional folk and country
music in a duo with José Razzano.
During
his career, Gardel recorded some nine hundred songs and starred
in numerous films, notably The Tango on Broadway in 1934. He
was tragically killed in an air crash in Colombia at the height
of his fame, and his legendary status was confirmed. His image
is still everywhere in Buenos Aires, on plaques and huge murals,
and in record-store windows, while admirers pay homage to his
life-sized, bronze statue in the Chacarita cemetery, placing
a lighted cigarette between his fingers or a red carnation in
his buttonhole.
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